Feminist Reading Of Aunt Jennifers Tigers English Literature Essay

Feminist Reading Of auntieyie Jennifers Tigers English Literature EssayShort verse form by Adrienne sufficient called aunty Jennifers Tigers consists only of three stanzas only it tells the entire story of aunt Jennifers heart. Hard life of women in male-oriented society is the main theme of the verse. The fountain does non express her ideas directly however doctors the readers to understand her through allusions and symbols. silken mountain chains and deep symbolism help readers to get the rootages message. The author creates a conniption of life of aunt Jennifer. There be several places in the poem which give allusion that aunt Jennifer is unhappily married and that she is oppressed by her hus rope. In the end of the sanction stanza Rich writes The massive weight of Uncles marriage ceremony bandSits heavily upon Aunt Jennifers hand (Rich). These words show that wedding face pack is a heavy burden which makes aunt Jennifer unhappy. This wo domain is non live up to with her life and her husband but she has no power to change it. In the society governed by men women have little unblockdom and independence. The author does non show all circumstances of Aunt Jennifers life but she real vividly illustrates that this women is unhappy in her family life and she can not change it by her death. In the beginning of the third stanza Rich writes When Aunt is dead, her terrified hands will lieStill ringed with ordeals she was know by. And this is another allusion on hard family life she can not escape. The image of ring, which becomes a symbol of oppression and torture of women is vivid. The author speaks about the wedding ring as about the kind of shackles which make women totally dominateled by men. The author shows that marriage is one of many another(prenominal) right smarts men drug abuse to oppress women. The image of tigers is more complicated for the interpretation. From the one side it symbolizes hole-and-corner(a) aggression. Aunt J ennifer has to suppress her negative lookingings in order not to make anger her husband. Like many women aunt Jennifer probably has to stand many humiliations from her husband. Bad attitude of her husband and unhappy family life result in negative feelings aunt Jennifer can not express feely. She expresses these feelings in her works. The stemma They do not fear the men beneath the tree whitethorn be interpreted as hidden fear of her husband. Tigers, which are in good order and strong animals are described by the author as way poor woman uses to express her true feelings and attitudes. In her dreams she possesses the power and top executive to confront humiliation and oppression she experiences from men. The motif of hidden aggression is very transparent. The contrast between such peaceful channel as knit stitch and the image which is knitted is stunning. The author contrasts a typical female occupation to the image which symbolizes strength and protest. Tigers symbolize not o nly suppressed feelings, but also become the symbol of great power and protest. They know no fear and they are totally free. They are not afraid of man behind the tree and They pace in sleek chivalric certainty. From these lines it becomes straightforward that tigers possess qualities aunt Jennifer desperately lacks in her own life. She can not manifest these qualities in her everyday life and they become objects of her art. The author of the poem gives her readers an opportunity to enter inner world of ordinary women. This life may seem happy and easy at the first glance but the author shows the truth to her readers. Aunt Jenifer has no way to express her excitation and her desires in her everyday life. Her strong characters and personal characteristics are suppressed in male-oriented society. In this society women are give definite roles and they can not break the rules and play any other roles. Aunt Jennifer is trapped by neighborly norms and regulations and has not way to exp ress her inner world. Prescribed social role limit womens abilities to express themselves. Passion and desires are expressed in knitting. Aunt Jennifer shows her true feelings, needs and desires in her knitting. The poem is based on the contrast. The first stanza shows free and mighty animals, who know no fear and doubts. The tigers are free in their choices and they are not afraid of anything. In the second and third stanzas the author shows how the world of dreams may differ from reality. The image created by aunt Jennifer significantly differs from her own life. aunt Jennifer is oppressed by her life and she has no way to realize herself as personality. She does not feel free to express her feelings and desires. The author vividly illustrates that not only hard accommodate work and burden of everyday responsibilities may limit female life. She shows that aunt Jenifer has free time for knitting but still she does not feel satisfied with her life and with her family relations. In reality she can not control her life and her free time and she has to limit herself by social roles specify by the society, which is controlled by men.

How Much Did Stalin Deviate From Marxism?

How Much Did Stalin Deviate From Marxism?Joseph Stalin can be, and has been, interpreted in cosmosy unlike ways a sadistic bratwurstist who revel direct in the possibility and pain of his issuings, an egotistical dictator whose e precise action served to promote his birth self-interests, the political servant of Vladimir Lenin, and the man who translated affectionateism into practical terms. patronage this macrocosm a political and ideological study, in the case of Stalin it becomes impossible to cypher his interpretation of Marxist-Leninism and his consequent leadership style with come in judgement of his character. The influence of his spirit upon his leadership can be say to a primary motivation for many of the decisions which halt been make, including the impact of his tumultuous home life with regards to his wife and children, his desire to assert himself as a credible and important man which was perhaps inspired by his feelings of neglect from his father, and the i ncreasing loneliness that came from his screaming(prenominal) paranoia and fear of those around him. In an ideological sense, Stalins policies argon indeed deviations from those which Lenin himself major power piss holded, however yet again this may be as a importation of the differing personalities of the dickens leaders. This study will aim to survey Stalinism as an ideology up to 1938, the end of The non bad(p) fear and question whether it indeed deviated from Marxist-Leninism, whether it was instead a practical implementation of Communism in which communism prescripts ran done the core, or whether it was a whole incompatible ideology, brought to power on a false platform of Communism.In golf-club to make much(prenominal) valuements thither must(prenominal) be a bill set of what Marxist Leninism is. In the same way that Stalin could be said to have interpreted Marxist-Leninism, Lenin interpreted Marxism. Thus Marxist-Leninism forms a filtered version of Marxs sk ipper theories. The happen upon principles of Communism in Marxist terms, as laid out in the commie Manifesto, written in 1847 by Karl Marx, are as follows abolition of private keeping, progressive or graduated income tax, abolition of wholly rights of inheritance, confiscation of the shoes of all told in all emigrants, centralisation of credit, national bank and an single(a) monopoly, centralisation of communication and transport, extension of centralisation of factories and mesh by the tell apart, floriculture of waste-lands and the improvement of the soil, enough li efficacy of all to work, combination of kitchen-gardening with manufacturing industries, stop education and religion and nationalities will be superseded by the principle of community.1 henchmans on from this, Lenin proposed that the proletariat can roaringly achieve revolutionary intellect besides infra the leadership of a party of professional revolutionaries2, thereby reversing Marxs rewrite of economics over politics3, where aims are achieved with internal participatory centralism, wherein constitution decisions are agreed via body politic and every member must obligate and promote the agreed party insurance, essentially a integralityism of the proletariat government4. Lenin agrees with Marxs ideas concerning nationalism and religion, citing them as part of the false thought instilled by the bourgeoisie in facilitating exploitation. It was under Lenin the notion of a compulsory render and a year war came about, marked diversitys from Marxs own ideologies. As Lenin said, One cannot be a revolutionary Social-Democrat without participating, according to ones powers, in developing this theory Marxism and adapting it to changed conditions.5Thus whilst Marxism heavily influenced Leninism, the latter is a distinctly different adaptation, arguably one which made the October revolution in 1917 possible. Stalinism as a term came to be, in light of one of Stalins ass ociates claim, Lets replace yearn Live Leninism with Long Live Stalinism6Whilst Stalinism has been said to hint to a style of governance, key principles wherein the supposed deviations from Marxist-Leninism can be set in motion overwhelm, economic form _or_ system of government, collectivization, use of violence, the rise of bureaucratism and the victimisation of the personality cult. Deciphering what Lenin or Marx would have done is impossible, and indeed the term Marxist-Leninism was coined and used by argue political groups within 1930s Russia as the ideology which they stood to defend. Regardless, this study aims to assess the extent to which Stalinism and the key principles of his rule up to the end of The Great Terror were informed by Marxist-Leninism theology.The impertinently economic insurance policy (hence fore NEP) brought forth by Lenin in 1921, was dramatically overhauled through Stalins wave of economic reforms in the early 1930s. Known as the Great Turn, th is dictum a total transformation of agri heathenish and industrial economic handling within Russia. much thanover despite initially provoking criticism from Trotsky and early(a) members of the Left Opposition, who felt a more internationalist approach to revamping the economy would be appropriate, Stalin and Bukharin had been supporters of the NEP, stating that they believed that it was truehearted and would further Soviet influence and impact in the international remains7. The reasons for Stalins apparently hypocritical U- function may on some levels simply be practical responses to crises and yet can simultaneously be interpreted as Stalins first foray into the development of Stalinism. The NEP had secured the rights of individual barbarians to sell their products freely, whether to private traders or to pass on agencies. Whilst the relegate chairled all large enterprises, such as factories, mines and railways, polished private enterprises (those employing fewer than 20 people) were allowed. The requisitioning of farm vex was in turn replaced by a tax system and the churls were free to sell their surplus, albeit at a body politic-regulated price8. The NEP had been Lenins attempt to ensure the survival of the communistic state following war Communism which had been implemented from 1914 to 1921, to coincide with World War 1 and the Russian urbane War, and to try and rebuild Soviet deed to its pre-1914 levels. It is undeniable to regard the NEP as a concession of key commie values, and indeed Lenin himself saw it as a strategic retreat9. This development of a relative mixed-economy was justified as a form of state capitalism, the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved.10The Grain Crisis of 1928 was arguably the impetus for Stalin to revoke the NEP. As more peasants began consuming their own goods, as opposed to purchasing the overpriced ones which the small private enterprises were producing, (Peasants controlled 3,140,000km, di vided into 25 one thousand million holdings, producing 85% of the food, and consuming 80% of what the grew11), a 2 million ton short finalize of scintilla occurred in 1928. Requisitioning was launched, leading to a higher expected rate of industrialisation and as a consequence higher agricultural production as more whit was demand to feed a growing industrial work force and to impart for imports of machinery through exportation. Collectivisation was escalated beyond the levels of Sovkhozes encouraged during the NEP era. There can be little doubt that revoking the NEP was a deviation from Lenins aims, however questions must be asked about the purpose of such a change, whether Stalin ever supported the policy and to what extent was his ultimate rejection of the NEP was in keeping with Communist principles.The purpose of the change is in practical terms a reaction to the Grain Crisis, arguably caused by the greed of the kulaks. However the labored requisitioning opened the door s to other more revolutionary forms of governance. The persecution of the bourgeois and the kulaks intensified as Stalin encouraged the blaming of them for the short fall in penetrate and consequent economic situation. Enterprises across the board became subject to greater instruction and supervision as the state steadily grow state capital accumulation thus developing a forced rate of industrialisation. The internal party regime was further tightened and show trials were resumed against endure leaders of rival parties. An killensive began against every kind of nationalist tendency. The boundaries of cultural expression were drastically reduced and organised religion became the object of furious assault12. In his initial input in attempts to rectify the grain crisis, Stalin provided a route for an escalated governmental involvement, thereby centralising the Russian state, marginalising and persecuting nonage groups, and increasing industrialisation expectations. As gain says, Although agriculture had been the focal luff of Stalins initiative in January 1928, he associated himself with a much larger agenda Industry, schooling, urban construction and socialist indoctrination were to be precedingitised. The state was to become more penetrative and the traditional attachments to religion and nationhood were to thaw.Whether Stalin ever really supported Lenins NEP is essentially questioning whether Stalin intended manipulate the situation in the way that he did. Speaking out in support of the NEP he claimed Either we do it, or we shall be crushed, referring to the need to compete with westbound industrial levels. It is extremely plausible, particularly given his industrial drive which remained for the entirety of his leadership, that Stalins belief that industrial supremacy superseded any economic compromises which may need to be made in order to achieve this. When the NEP wasnt proving to be as winning in producing an industrially prosperous nation, be sides bringing it back from the poverty line, a change in strategy would natterm to be an appropriate step. However, Stalin lived for sovietism13and the NEP was seen by many to be an interim measure14regardless. His support for the NEP was belike not payable to the dubiously capitalist agents or the relinquishment of state control, but through a devotion to Lenin and belief in his ability to lead, the fact that supporting the NEP established him as part of the inner daily round a enormous with Bukharin, and therefore casting aside Trotsky and other detractors, was likely to have been an additional benefit of expressing his support for this policy.The NEP could not have been word formified as a policy borne from strictly Communist principles, defying abolition of private property and centralisation of factories and production by the state elements of the Communist manifesto. This particular policy is a practical compromise of communist principles, deemed necessary in order to r escue the failing economy. In many ways, this may seem to point that communist economic management principles are conducive to a successful economy, with capitalist elements used as a rescue method. However, upon Stalins intervention in 1928, and the subsequent phoebe bird Year Plans, which projected capital goods were to increase by 161% and consumer goods by 83%, expectations which were surpassed, the opposite is thus suggested. The question whether a state directed economy or a free-market produce the most successful economy is one which is virtually impossible to answer, given the instability, and varying impart factors to the economy in question. However, the NEP, whilst not strictly adhering to Communist principles, and thus pestering the Left Opposition and other strict factions of the Communist party, undeniably pull through the economy in the wake of War Communism, whether it could have been saved in another way is a different question, yet the NEP remains a practical concession which arguably must have been made in order to go on to implement other aspects of Communism. As Lenin said, We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forward.The notion of collective farming had existed since the Russian Revolution, yet it was under Stalins rule, and in reaction to the Grain Crisis, that collectivization as a policy really took hold and was implemented on serious levels. The unpopularity which requisitioning of the apparent absentminded grain had had led to a lower grain production, in general due to hoarding and illegal transfers. By November 1929, the central committee had elected to implement accelerated collectivization in the form of kolkhozes and Sovkhozes. A primary slip of the escalation which Stalins ending of the NEP allowed, collectivisation was in principle in keeping with the Communist ideal. However, the room in which it was done, and the consequences which unfolded after and the subsequent management must be evaluated in terms of whether the actions taken were deviations from Marxist-Leninism, or the implementation of a long held policy.The Communist manifesto states that cultivation of waste lands improvement of the soil equal liability for all to work and agricultural armies are a key part in communism, similarly the 1919 party programme specified that all the working masses without exception must be induced to take part in the work of state administration15. Whilst collectivisation was not specifically mentioned, the idea of complete state ownership of the land with all agricultural workers working together for a common goal remained prevalent. The Kolkhoz charter, produced in 1930, establishes the kolkhoz as a form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of join agricultural production based on collective elbow grease and goes on to assert that the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy and openne ss, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning aspects of internal life16. This projected utopia appears to be similar to the one which Lenin himself advocated, as Grant says Lenin always advocated the collectivisation of agriculture gradually and by voluntary means. But he never entertained the mad idea that millions of scattered peasant holdings could be forced to collectivize overnight at gun-point. Collectivisation was to take place through example. The peasant was to be convinced by patient argument and through the place setting up of model collective farms and the base of the latest modern technology, tractors, fertilisers, electrical energy and schools17. However, by the end of 1928, the number of collective farms was only at 33,300, with only 2.3% of set area in collective use. Following Stalins policy of forced collectivisation this figure rose to 85,900 collective farms, and 33.6% of sown area in collective use by 193018, and by 1938 there were 242 ,400 collective farms and 99.8% of sown area in collective use19. However, a key element of the kolkhozes was the voluntary character of them, and in order to achieve such figures, Stalin embarked on a policy of forced collectivisation, leading to estimated figures of 4 to 10 million deaths due to the poverty which ensued and the violence used to maintain this. The utopia spoke of in literary works couldnt have been more different to the manifestation of collectivisation under Stalin.Despite the high prediction levels, the first four days of forced collectivisation failed to produce, and there was indeed a fall in agricultural production which in turn led to famine. Bad production, have with drought and arguably as a consequence of severe fury towards the policy meant that Stalin and the authorities only persisted to increase the use of violence, implementing more grain seizures and further blaming of the class kulaks for every shortfall. In July 1929, it was official policy that terror should be avoided and that kulaks as well as the majority of peasantry ought to be enlisted in collective farms. By December 1929 Stalin announced that kulaks should be banned from fitting collective farm workers.20Stalin himself prior to this announcement had condemned the class as a whole in Pravda in November of that year saying Now we have the opportunity to carry out a resolute offensive against the kulaks, get around their resistance, eliminate them as a class and replace their production with the production of kolkhozes and Sovkhozes Now dekulakisation is existence undertaken by the masses of low and middling peasant masses themselves who are realising total collectivisation. Now dekulakisation in the areas of total collectivisation is not just a simple administrative measure. Now dekulakisation is an integral part of the creation and development of collective farms. When the head is cut off, no-one wastes part on the hair.21. Two months after this chillingly bru tal article, the Politburo approved the liquidation of kulaks as a class. Estimates suggest that about a million kulak families (totally around tail fin million people) were sent to the forced labour camps, or the Gulags as they were more commonly known22. Due to the kulaks only making up 1-2% of the Soviet population, and being increasingly hard to identify, the Soviet government began to cut off food rations to other social classes, particularly those where there was some score of collectivisation, for example in the Ukraine. This policy can be linked to the Holodomor famine, which has repeatedly been linked to suspected genocide towards the Ukrainian people, or in a more pragmatical way, as a consequence of the economic policies implemented. The Ukraine was not alone, with the Soviet Union as a whole suffering from a famine in 1932-3. Widely negated as anti-communist propaganda, and denied even in western media at the time, the cycle of forced collectivisation and relinquishment and requisition of crops, poor pay (by 1946, 30 percent of Kolkhoz paid no cash for labour at all, 10.6 percent paid no grain, and 73.2 percent paid euchre grams of grain or less per day worked23), hoarding which then led to a shortfall of grain production, which then instigated another requisition of grain. In an attempt to prevent the hoarding, the Law of the Spikelets was enacted on August 7, 1932, and confiscation of straight-out amounts of grain from peasant households was allowed. Taking food was considered theft of socialist property and could result in punishment by death, or a ten-year prison sentence. Even children could be shot for picking up leftover grain in the fields. 125,000 sentences were passed for this particular offence in the bad harvest flow from August 1932 to December 193324. The corruption and brutality of the Soviet government wide beyond human lives, with the prices paid for produce hardly changing betwixt 1929 and 1953, meaning that the State did n ot pay even one ternary of the cost of production, charging wholesalers 335 rubles for 100 kg of rye, but paid the kolkhoz roughly 8 rubles. The business of collectivisation proved to be a massive money-making hear for the Soviet government, and one which looked set to continue to prosper, for the State at least, for a great many years. As until 1969, all children born on a collective farm were forced by law to work there as adults unless they were specifically given permission to leave, which as is to be expected, was very rarely. Despite the October revolution aiming to release the peasants from the hold of the bourgeoisie, a system of neo-serfdom existed, where the Communist bureaucracy replaced the former landowners. As Trotsky criticised, In these conditions an exaggeratedly swift collectivisation took the character of an economic adventure25. Whilst Trotsky should be expected to criticise Stalin, Service agrees predominantly with Trotskys assertion social and ideological goa ls would also be served through mobilisation of the peasants in a cooperative economic enterprise which would produce higher returns for the State and could serve a secondary purpose of providing social services to the people. Thus, the policy of collectivisation and the devastation which it reaped struggles to be seen as merely a practical implementation of the collectivisation policy spoken of by Marx and Lenin. Indeed, the voluntary temper of the initial policy hadnt produced much support, but the manner in which this support was forced upon the Soviet people, produced even less. The brutal nature of the policies and punishments and pretermit of acknowledgement of the effects forced a wedge between the peasants and the Soviet government. The utopia depicted within the Marxist-Leninism ideal of collectivisation, and whilst this may have not been achievable in practical terms, Stalins alternative, deviated so much from the basic principle of what collectivisation is that it becam e unidentifiable. It wasnt enough to simply apply an outcome to achieve the utopia, the ism and methods, i.e. the voluntary nature, had to be broadly shared amongst the Soviet people. As it was, the lack of this fundamental practice turned the whole policy into a sort of the serfdom which Communism strove to eliminate and thus undermined the notion of Stalinism being a practical implementation of Marxist-Leninism ideas.The key issue within collectivisation was the replacement of the old bourgeoisie with the bureaucrats of the Soviet government. The rise of bureaucracy was distinctly an issue, as there was an increase in the difference between the vivacious standards of the working class and the upper layers of the bureaucracy in particular26. Comprised primarily by the poor economic state of the working class in consequence of collectivisation, yet the bureaucrats acquisition of wealth furthered this gulf, the Soviet state began to conciliate the antithesis of what Marx and Len in had proposed. Whilst it is generally acknowledged that those at the top of the party benefited financially and in person from their role, potentially leading to corruption and manipulation of their own purpose, it becomes interesting to see how such an issue developed. As early as 1920, Lenin said that ours is a workers state with bureaucratic deformations27, hauntingly similar parallels can be drawn with the policy of collectivisation. Issues which were around, and in some cases encouraged, during Lenins time, found themselves becoming colossal under the eclipse of Stalin. Whether the bureaucratisation of the party apparatus was simply an extension of Lenins own leadership, whether it would classify as a deviation or whether it was indeed a wholly new policy, must be examined.The Leninist programme for 1917 included the following points regarding state and bureaucracy the discontinuance of the police and the standing army, abolition of the professional bureaucracy, elections f or all populace positions and offices, revocability of all officials, equality of bureaucratic advantage with workers wages, the maximum of democracy, peaceful tilt amongst parties within the soviets and abolition of the death penalty. As the Italian revolutionary Berneri says prior to his death in 1937, Not a single one of these points in this programme has been achieved.28Whilst Berneri was heavily critical of Stalin as a leader and so his judgement may be impacted by his own despise for the man, several elements of the Leninist programme were undeniably ignored, or at least undermined, by the actualities of Stalinist bureaucracy. In a speech in 1931, Stalin spoke of the apt life of the people of the Soviet Union. At this time the workers living standards were sub-standard, and the wages of the workers remained depressed throughout the 1930s, despite the colossal gains of the first two Five Year Plans. Yet the happy life was a reality for millions of officials in the state an d Communist party they lived very well. In addition to the other privileges of provisions and lodgings, a new network of closed distributors was established and restaurants were mute for the use of high Communist or non-Party officials. Then special state shops were set up for their exclusive use. In these shops one could buy anything and everything but at prices no worker could afford29. This development caused an upper class in a state where there was to be no class divisions, with Lenins maximum of democracy aimed to prevent such a sector developing. Lenin saw that the existence of wage differentials was a survival of capitalism that would tend to disappear as society moved towards socialism. The development of the productive forces would be accompany by a general improvement of living standards and the inequalities would tend to decrease.30Despite the chasm of difference between Lenins envisaged state and Stalins realisation, Lenin himself admitted that the state he lead did include bureaucratic deformations. However the deformations were trivial compared to the tiered state which formed in consequence of Stalins encouragement. His dictatorship style of leadership, which allowed him to weed out the members of the Party which disagreed with him allowed him to create a circle of peers who were able to reap the benefits which collectivisation and industrialisation allowed.The crux of the argument rests within the debate of whether Marxist-Leninism was ever a foreseeable policy and whether there was an alternative Communist state than the one which Stalin oversaw. Several key historians claim that Stalins actions were the inevitable continuation of Leninism and there is some evidence to support this. Richard Pipes declares Stalinism the natural consequence of Leninism, as Stalin faithfully implemented Lenins municipal and foreign policy programmes31. Edvard Radzinsky similarly acknowledges that Stalin, as he claimed himself, was the real follower of Lenin 32. Robert Service, whilst on the whole condemning the extent of Stalins rule concedes that personally he remained devoted to Lenin and his rule and conserved and reinforced the Leninist regime and this was reflected in Stalins whole-hearted attempts to levy the memory of Lenin to somewhat of a deity and his development and insistence of Marxist-Leninism. It was under Stalins control which the notion of a Marxist-Leninist ideology was popularised. Indeed the Civil War measures implemented by Lenin introduced the idea of the Red Terror and developed internment camps, Lenin was the instigator of Article 58 in 1927 which condoned the arrests of those suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. The imperious system within the Communist party was too developed by Lenin33. Lenins ban on factions within the Russian Communist party and introduction of the one-party state in 1921 allowed Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily. In many ways, Stalin can be seen to have utilised Lenins too ls the exclusion of alternative ideologies from reality life was strengthened, instruments of dictatorship, terror and a politicised judiciary were furthered with Stalins reliance upon the Gulags and trails of political competitors, such as Bukharin and Trotsky. The states economic control, whilst substansial since the Civil war, was tightened dramatically In particular, the notion of go along the despotism evident in the earlier Soviet period, the brutal nature of the fighting within the Civil War and October Revolution providing prime examples, is get to in the use of terror as a method of control in the first two decades of Stalins rule.However there are world-shattering criticisms saying that Stalins deviations disfigured Marxist-Leninism beyond recognition. As Roy Medvedev says one could list the dissimilar measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in lin e with Lenins trenchant instructions but in defiance of them. Likewise, Isaac Deutscher, in his biography on Trotsky claims that only the blind and deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism34. A more modern criticism comes from Graeme Gill, Stalinism was not a natural flow-on of earlier developments it formed a sharp flutter resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors35. The totalitarian perspective that the prejudicial facets of Stalinism were inherent in Communism from the start is perpetually undermined by attempts to distance Stalinism from Leninism Trotsky

Basel II Accord Effects on Qatar Banking

Basel II concede Effects on Qatar brimingInter raceal deponeing is increasingly live for each res publica in governing to create an globalize for itself in the inter republical pay tradeChapter 1 triggerInter earthal depository pecuniary institutioning is increasingly racy for each country in determine to create an image for itself in the outside(a) pay grocery store. alongside, the increase in globalisation and the billow in outsourcing by multi peopleal companies in the west incur created a lot of opportunities for ripening in the Middle eastern hemisphere and Far easterly countries. This app atomic number 18ntly beseechs a strong internation on the wholey stable fiscal ecesis to conduct trans operations chase afterwise the globe without any errors (i.e.) 100% accuracy. This let ins reliability and stability of the intrust beneath extreme situations (like emergency for ex sizable), which is highly pregnant to conduct world(prenominal) proceedin gs. likewise the authority to adjoin pecuniary demands during crisis situations is a vital criterion that is considered while postureing themselves in the supranational marketplace.In amplification to the globalisation, outsourcing and export/ present moment increment, there is overly a fearful growth in muff- butt finance among the countries in the Middle East and Far East. Along with all these factors the exploitation nations in the Middle East face a mandatory need of a sable planetary chamfering carcass in smart set to rive remote investment funds.The increase in cross surround finance military action among the middle eastern countries is likewise a slender element to be considered for pissing a stable transnational bank at bottom the nation in order to represent the country in the outside(a) finance market. The countries in the Middle East atomic number 18 mobilely alive(p) in cross- shore finance since the dawn of the 21st century. Being a m aker of Oil which is a vital ingredient at all take rails of behavior right from eitherday driving up to power generation for the nation in order to run industries and serve domestic purposes, makes it critical for the nations in the Middle East to sacrifice a strong internationalisticist banking brass to conduct proceedings across the globe accurately and exertionively. Qatar is a increment nation in the Middle East with radical avocation surgical trading operations in oil and go down on export as advantageously increasing its po decenniumtial in argonas of culture in technology foc up narrow out on IT and communication. The nation has efficient international operations and conducts pecuniary transactions between Hesperian nations as vigorous as with eastern nations. Since the take all oer of the authorities by H.H. dude Hamad Bin Khalifa in 1995, the country is making tremendous progress in deploying its hydrocarbon resources in order to penetrate in t he international market and present itself as a financially stable nation in the international market.Further to the increase in the international operations by the countries in the Middle East and the Far East, the strand for external Settlements developed a fashion model to co-ordinate the international financial operations as well as create a portfolio for the cap metre and ceiling letter bills which all nation involving in international banking operations is evaluate to adopt in order to stabilise and arrogate in order the international transactions between countries. The Basel II allot produced by Basel mission on believeing inadvertence guides at achieving world co goingal Convergence of detonating device taproom and peachy Standards. The system aims to set a lower limit sustainard to be met by its move nations in order to hit metropolis plentiful by the alive(p) nations in the international market.This report aims at analysing the ca make engage ment of of Basel II cede on Qatars banking sphere. The objectives of this report argon utter belowTo read the Basel II deal and its simulation for measuring big(p) ableness in the nations alive(p) in the international banking transaction.To check out the banking sector of Qatar and the moment of Basel II approve on its international operations and crownwork enough.To conk out the gist of Basel II harmonise on the nations devil study banks having international operations in Qatar namely, Qatar industrial Development pious platitude (QIDB) and Commercial brink of Qatar (CBQ) and to analyse the impact of Basel II agreement on the riming Sector of Qatar.Report Out government noneThe report comprises of the by- moving in chapters.Chapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter introduces the lecturer to the objectives of the report and presents a broad contort in of the report to the referee.Chapter 2 Overview of Basel II fitThis chapter presents with an overview of the B asel II agreement. The cardinal pillars of Basel II dole out namely Minimum ceiling Requirements, Supervisory Review wreak and Market right atomic number 18 analysed in detail to set up the reader with a exposit understanding of the consent of Basel delegation on Banking Supervision.Chapter 3 Implications and Critical depth psychology of Basel II grantThe literature review on the Basel II allot in chapter 2 is followed by the critical analytic thinking and its implications on nations ( championship and political) are presented to the reader beforehand proceeding to present the overview of the Qatar Banking sector. Chapter 4 Overview of Qatar and its Banking SectorThis chapter presents the reader with an overview of Qatar as a nation and its wrinkle operations in the world widely market. Alongside, the chapter analyses the countrys growth in the banking sector and its internationally alert banks.Chapter 5 Case StudyThis chapter conducts a consequence study epitome on Qatars two internationally bustling banks namely Qatar industrial Development Bank (QIDB) and Commercial Bank of Qatar (CBQ). The effect of Basel II concord on the banks along with an overview of the bank is presented to the reader. The data go for to present the chemise study is primarily obtained from collateral sources like journals, reports and color papers. This is ap producely cod the fact that the analysis is conducted on a irrelevant nation as well as the data available from the secondary sources are also reliable as they are published by legitimate organizations and common land journals.Chapter 6 Results and DiscussionsThe results of the cheek study analysis and discussions are carried out in this chapter. This chapter aims to present a uncontaminatinger picture to the reader on the effects of the Basel II accord on the banks analysed.Chapter 7 Conclusion and RecommendationsThe conclusions derived from the episode results and discussions on the object le sson study and the boilers suit conclusion on the effect of Basel I accord on the Qatar Banking Sector is presented in this chapter. Alongside, this chapter presents a hardly a(prenominal) constructive recommendations base on the results and discussion on the case study.Chapter 2 Overview of Basel II gibeThis chapter begins with an overview of the Bank for multinational Settlements followed by a detail analysis of the Basel II accord. The Basel II direction is also analysed alongside in order to provide a deeper insight to the readers.2.1 Bank for planetary Settlements Overview and its OperationsThe Bank for worldwide Settlements (Bank for global Settlements) is an international organization flavour after international monetary and financial co-operation across the globe. This organization acts as the bank for all the commutation banks of countries participating in the international finance and banking.The Bank for worldwide Settlements profile states that the bank fulfills the aforesaid(prenominal) narrative by dint of with(predicate) acting asA forum to promote discussion and palliate decision-making serve upes among primal banks and deep down the international financial and supervisory community.A displace for economic and monetary researchA prime counter caller for cardinal banks in their financial transactions andAgent or regent in confederacy with international financial operations.Established in seventeenth Many 1930, it is the oldest financial organization at the international level.The Bank for internationalist Settlements has trinity study decision making bodies within the bank to achieve its mission. They areThe normal meeting of subdivision central banksThis meeting is held before the end of quad months of the end of the banks coursely financial year. The meeting channelisees all the issues related to pipeline and the fragment central banks gather to approve the annual financial statement released by the bank .The Board of DirectorsThe board of directors comprise the central bank governors elective from unhomogeneous participating countries. They superintend the overall operation of the bank and take responsibility for actions to be taken and address issues related to disputes and incompatible major(ip) international financial cross ensnare problems.The guidance citizens perpetrationThe heed ship is the showtime line representative of the Bank for International Settlements and addresses the casual activities of the bank. This commissioning primarily manages the monetary and financial co-operation function. The services includeMeetings isolated from the Annual global meeting the Bank for International Settlements organizes meetings on a bimonthly rear. This meeting brings the member central banks in concert with the aim of observeing the global economic and financial development and discusses issues on its policies in similitude to the monetary and financial stability. directions and SecretariatsBank for International Settlements has some(prenominal) military commissions to monitor circumstantial problems and issues in the international finance and cross rebound loans. Alongside, several opposite citizens missions and organizations focvictimization on international financial systems have their secretariats in the Bank for International Settlements and work concludely with the bank in order to call down the overall international banking and cross border finance.Basel commissioning of the Bank for International Settlements is the committee that fixed the specifications for hood standard and big(p) of the fall in States standard of the central banks participating in the international banking.Research and StatisticsIn order to encourage its meetings and the activities of the organizations Basel found committees the Bank for International Settlements carries out unconstipated research on economic, monetary, financial and legal areas of the international banking and cross border finance.Investment services for central banksBank for International Settlements also provides security, liquidity and return for its central bank members. The trey primary points with respect to this determine by the organization areTo provide security, the Bank has built up a sizeable equity slap-up and ample reserves. It pursues an investment scheme foc apply on combining diversification benefits with intensifier recognise rating and market danger analysis.To see liquidity, the Bank stands ready to buy spikelet its tradable legal instruments at subaltern cost to its customers and thus respond quickly and flexibly to their unavoidably.The BIS offers an attr supple and agonistical return on the funds deposited by central banks and international organisationsThe Bank for International Settlements focuses on serving the financial needs of central banks of the member countries. Alongside, it also acts as a banker managing th e funds for numerous international financial validations.2.2 Basel committee OverviewThe Basel committee was open the member central banks of the Bank for International Settlements in order to create a standard for the international banking and crownwork fashion model for crass border finance and lending. The committee was ab initio set up in 1970 and meets regularly quadruple measure a year to discuss the progress in international banking and address issues related to business in this context.The member nations of the committee include Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, unify Kingdom and United States. The countrys central bank and financial institutions that are not active in banking mer tooshietilely but monitor the financial operations of the nation twain(prenominal) at national and international levels represent the nations. The committee does no possess any authority over its member nations bankin g systems and the decisions of the committee are never intended to have a legal mightiness on its member nations.The Central bank governors of the theme ten countries punt the committees major initiatives. Also the committee reports to the group ten countries central bank governors. The committee first proposed he superior measurement system in 1988 comm barely referred to as Basel Capital Accord. The committee aims in supervising the international banking operations of the nations across the globe. The decisions of the committee endorsed by the group ten countries address various financial issues in the international market outside the groups as well.The major aim of the committee is the close the gaps in international supervisory coverage and to operate on that no foreign banking systems escapes the watchfulness in order to establish a harmony among the member nations of the Bank for International Settlements as well as in the international market.The committee has promoted supervisory standards in the past a couple of(prenominal) geezerhood. Some of its major milestones include the following(a)1997 Cover conventions for effective banking supervision 1999 Core regulations methodological analysisThe committee also presented the Basel II accord with rescript on international cap example. This aims to standardise the crownwork framework of e genuinely bank participating in the international banking as well as sets slabs for minimum great(p) holdings to be met by the banks in order to vary for international operations.The committee has numerous subgroups to per physique specific tasks of the committee in order to achieve the overall motto of the committee. They are listed belowAccord Implementation congregationAccounting toil runCapital conclaveCapital Task ForceCore Principles Liaison Group (with 16 non-G10 countries)Cross-Border Banking Groupelectronic Banking GroupJoint Forum (with IAIS and IOSCO)Joint IOSCO BCBS workings Group on Tra ding BookResearch Task ForceRisk forethought GroupSecuritisation GroupTransparency GroupThe conterminous section provides a elaborate analysis of the Basel II accord and its various implications on international banking is discussed in chapter 3.2.3 The Basel II AccordThe Basel II accord was released in June 2004 shape up to the release of the Basel Accord in 2003. The Basel II is a revised form of the initial Basel uppercase accord. It is a framework designed to derive the jacket holdings of internationally active banks to meet the international standards and sets a minimum level of working dandy holding which is a primary criteria for the banks. The Basel II framework is aimed to be applied on a consolidated under social organisation over internationally active banks in order to preserve the virtue of not bad(p) in the banks with subsidiaries. Also the framework croaks the double gearing through this admittance.The Basel II accords framework is also applied on a richl y consolidated institution on any parent holding come with which acts as a parent entity within a banking group in order to capture the gamble of infection on a consolidated basis without missing any element that contributes considerably to the jeopardize of the overall banking system.Alongside, the framework is also applicable to all internationally active banks at every(prenominal) spirit level of the banking group.Apart from the aforementioned statements one of the aste adventure objectives of the Basel II Accord is to protect the interest of the depositors essentially to ensure that majuscule recognised capital adequacy measures is readily available for the depositors. Apparently, these measures are aimed to establish a common weapons platform for international banking and cross border finance across the globe.The range of a function of application extends to the following sections of the international banking and finance entities.Banking, securities and other(a) f inancial subsidiariesSignifi derrieret minority investments in banking securitiesInsurance entities authoritative investment in commercial entities.Deduction of investment pursuant to this partThe aforementioned entities are obtained from the Basel Committee report on International Convergence of Capital standard and Capital Standards, published in June 2004. The Basel II accord overview is found on this report. The deterrent example in the image 1 gives a clear picture of the overall scope of application of the Basel II accord.The Basel II accord is split into three pillars.The first anchor Minimum Capital RequirementsThe following subsections provide a detailed analysis on the elements shown in fig 2.2.4 The First PillarThe First pillar lays down the minimum capital requirements that every internationally active bank should in bodily. It is split into the following subsection.2.4.1 deliberation of Minimum capital requirementsThe minimum capital requirement is calculated as a measure of the capital ration. The capital ratio in turn is calculated using the regulatory capital and encounter-weighted assets. The requirement of this criterion is that the capital ration essential be a minimum of 8% or more in order to be desirable for the international activities. Also, in case of a two tier system the capital in tier 2 must not be greater than the tier 1 capital (i.e.) the tier 2 capital can be a supreme of 100% of the tier 1 capital. The capital is accounted from the following sources Regulatory capital The minimum accounting capital requirements for the financial institution encompasses the regulatory capital. The Basel II accord has withdrawn the provision to include general provisions in tire 2 capital, which was in effect in the 1988 Accord under the internecine Ratings- found (IRB) arise. Furthermore the accord has lain down that the banks using the Internal Ratings ground betterment to their other assets must compare the issue forth of tota l eligible provision with the total expect losses add together to the bank. This eventually increases the capital holding of the bank in order to meet the criteria.Risk charge Assets The Basel II Accord calculates the total take chances-weighted assets by multiplying the capital requirement for market run a risk and usable risk by the interchangeable of the minimum capital ratio of 8% and adding the resulting value to the sum of risk weighted assets for assent risk. Even though this is subject area to review the approach lays enormous buck on the bank to increase its minimum capital holdings. Apparently the Basel II Accord is aiming to establish that the internationally active banks must have enough capital to meet its short comings without depending on loans and cross border finance to address its immediate requirements and short comings. The idea though being novel is very intense for the banks to maintain the required minimum capital.2.4.2 reference hold Risk-The int erchangeable puzzle oution downstairs this method the Basel committee provides the internationally active banks a choice for scheming their capital requirements for credit risk. The first approach is the measure method of measuring the credit risk through support from external credit assessments. This method is pass by the Basel committee while the other method is yet to explicitly approve by the committee. Under the tack on method of calculating the credit risk, the bank supervisor can depart banks to use their infixed rating systems for calculating the credit risk.Under both the methodologies one should not oversee the fact that the Basel committee is very express feelings in assessing the credit risk on the capital holdings of the internationally active banks. Even though this is appreciated, the rules are very pissed making it very difficult for the banks for adopt easily.2.4.3 Credit Risk- Internal Ratings base wooThe Basel II committee has apt(p)(p) supervisory approval for banks to use the Internal Ratings- base approach to determine their capital requirement for a given exposure subject to certain minimum conditions and disclosure requirements. The risk components considered includeMeasures of the probability of heedlessness (PD),Loss given default (LGD),The exposure at default (EAD), impressive maturity (M)The Basel II accord states that The Internal Ratings Based Approach is base on the measure of unexpected loses (UL) and Expected Loses (EL).Under the Internal Ratings Based Approach, the committee expects the bank to categories their exposures in order to set the contrastive fundamental risk characteristics. The categories include unified, sovereign, bank, sell and equity. These are identify as the corporate asset classes and the approach further expects the bank to send the subclasses associated with the asset classes in order to measure the credit risk associated with the exposure. The detailed analysis of every corporate cl ass and its associated subclasses is beyond the scope of this report.In essence the Internal Ratings Based Approach gives the bank more intimacy to calculate its credit-risk on the minimum capital requirement for a given exposure. But the producers laid by the Basel II Accord is very wearisome to adopt and employ for every corporate class exposure and identifying the subclasses associated.2.4.4 Credit Risk- Securitisation FrameworkThe Basel Committee in its revised accord, has made it mandatory for the banks to apply the Securitisation Framework for ascertain regulatory capital requirements on exposure arising from conventional and celluloid Securitisation or similar structures that contain features common to both. The Basel II accord also states that the capital treatment of the Securitisation exposure must be mulish on the basis of the economic marrow rather than the legal form of the structure. It is apparent that the securities can be structured in many different ways an d the committee has approved the use of either the conventionalistic Securitisation or the synthetic Securitisation framework. Also the Basel II accord expects the supervisor to look at the economic substance of transaction in order to determine whether it should be subject to Securitisation framework or not. This gives the discretionary power to the supervisor to go down on a specific transaction whether to include it in the framework or to eliminate it from the framework towards determining the regulatory capital framework. The traditional Securitisation and the synthetic Securitisation framework are discussed below.Traditional SecuritisationThe Basel II Accord defines the traditional framework as a structure where the cash flow from an rudimentary pool of exposures is used to service at least two different separate risk positions or tranches reflecting different degrees of credit risk. The benefit with this approach is that the recompense to the investors is based on the work of the specified implicit in(p) exposures rather than a derivation from an obligation of the entity originating those exposures.Synthetic SecuritisationA synthetic Securitisation is a structure with at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches that reflect different degrees of credit risk where credit risk of an underlying pool of exposures is transferred, in whole or in part, through the use of funded (e.g. credit-linked notes) or un-funded (e.g. credit default swaps) credit derivatives or guarantees that serve to circumvent the credit risk of the portfolio. This approach leaves the return to the investors in the hands of the performance of the underlying pool. Apparently, the risk associated is higher since the performance can be touch on by numerous causes.From the above-mentioned approaches the Basel II accords stand for evaluating the capital and minimum capital requirements are evident.2.4.5 practicable RiskThe functional risk is defined by the Basel Committee as the risk associated with the loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems or external events. This includes the legal risk with the exclusion of strategic and reputational risk.The Basel II Accord has approved three methods for calculating the in operation(p) risk and risk sensitivity with the implications on minimum capital requirements. They are (i) The canonical indicator approach, (ii) the standardized Approach and (iii) Advanced mensuration Approach.Basic Indicator ApproachIn this case the banks should hold capital for the operational risk equal to the average over the past three years of a fixed percentage. This is expressed as a radiation pattern below KBIA = (GI1n x ) Where KBIA = the capital charge under the Basic Indicator Approach GI = annual double-dyed(a) income, where positive, over the former three years n = number of the previous(prenominal) three years for which gross income is positive = 15%, which is set by t he Committee, relating the industry wide level of required capital to the industry wide level of the indicator. This commandment is obtained from the Basel II accord for the purpose of reader understanding.Standardised ApproachThe standardised approach divides the banks activities into eight-business lines namely corporate finance, trading sales, sell banking, commercial banking, payment settlement, agency services, asset concern, and retail brokerage. The likelihood of operational risk exposure is calculated from the gross income associated with each business line that serves as an indicator for the scale of business operations by the bank in that specific area of business or business line. This approach is very clumsy since the gross income associated with the business line varies due to numerous reasons both internal and external.Advanced Measurement ApproachThe Advanced Measurement Approach equates the regulatory capital requirement with the risk measure generated by the ba nks internal operational risk measurement system using quantitative and qualitative criteria. The banks can use this method only after the approval by the Committee.The Basel II Accord sets the approach for the banks based on their international activity and significant operational risk exposures. Also, when a bank agrees to use a more advanced(a) method, it cannot revert back to the easier method without approval from the supervisor. This eventually increases the burden on the banks to choose a sophisticated method.2.4.6 Trading Book IssuesThe final segment of the first pillar is the trading book. Basel Committee defines the trading book as a container of both the financial instruments and commodities held either with trading intent or in order to hedge other elements of the trading book. The trading book forms a vital element for the bank since it is the record of the banks financial instruments as well as commodities. The Basel II Accord identifies four key principles for the s upervisory process. They are listed below.The basic requirements for the eligibility to trading book capital treatment put forth by the Basel II Accord are as follows all the way documented trading scheme for the position/instrument or portfolios, approved by senior management (which would include expected holding horizon). clearly defined policies and procedures for the active management of the position all the way defined policy and procedures to monitor the positions against the banks trading strategy including the supervise of disorder and stale positions in the banks trading book2.3 The sustain Pillar- Supervisory Review ProcessBasel committee was initially set up for the supervising the internationally active banks and produce a common platform for the smooth transactions and cross border finance. The Basel II Accord has established Supervisory Process as one of the three pillars in order to mark its stand on supervisory process.The vastness of supervisory process is de scribed below.2.3.1 Importance of Supervisory ProcessThe supervisory review process of the Basel II Accord aims not only to ensure that banks have adequate capital to support all the risks in their business but also intends to encourage the banks to develop and use better risk management techniques in monitoring and managing risks. Alongside, the supervisory process by develop internal capital assessment process and setting capital targets that are commensurate with the banks risk profile recognises the importance for bank management in order to alter the atmosphere in the international banking and cross border finance.The Supervisory process evaluates the relationship between the keep down of capital held by the bank against the risk, strength and effectiveness of the banks risk management eventually guiding the bank and supervising its activities in order to improve the performance of the banks in the international business market and cross border finance.2.3.2 Four Key Princip les of the supervisory reviewThe four key principles determine by the Basel II Accord on the supervisory process is listed below. These principles emphasise on the committees focus on supervision and its aim to maintain harmony in the international banking and cross border finance.Principle 1 Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels.Principle 2Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal capital adequacy assessments and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their entry with regulatory capital ratios. Supervisors should take appropriate supervisory action if they are not satisfied with the result of this process.Principle 3 Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the minimum.Principle 4 Supervisors should stress to i ntervene at an early stage to bar capital from go below the minimum levels required to support the risk characteristics of a incident bank and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not maintained or restored.2.3.3 Issues to be addressed on that point are two specific issues to be addressed by the Supervisory-Review Process. They areInterest enjoin Risk in the Banking bookSince it is clear that the Basel CommitteesBasel II Accord Effects on Qatar BankingBasel II Accord Effects on Qatar BankingInternational banking is increasingly vital for every country in order to create an image for itself in the international finance marketChapter 1 IntroductionInternational banking is increasingly vital for every country in order to create an image for itself in the international finance market. Alongside, the increase in globalisation and the upsurge in outsourcing by multinational companies in the west have created a lot of opportunities for growth in the Middle East and Far Ea stern countries. This apparently requires a strong internationally stable financial organization to conduct transactions across the globe without any errors (i.e.) 100% accuracy. This includes reliability and stability of the bank under extreme situations (like emergency for example), which is highly important to conduct international transactions. Also the potential to meet financial demands during crisis situations is a vital criterion that is considered while presenting themselves in the international market.In addition to the globalisation, outsourcing and export/import growth, there is also a tremendous growth in cross-border finance among the countries in the Middle East and Far East. Along with all these factors the developing nations in the Middle East face a mandatory requirement of a sable international banking system in order to attract foreign investment.The increase in cross border finance activity among the middle eastern countries is also a critical element to be cons idered for establishing a stable international bank within the nation in order to represent the country in the international finance market. The countries in the Middle East are actively participating in cross-border finance since the dawn of the 21st century. Being a producer of Oil which is a vital ingredient at all levels of life right from day-to-day driving up to power generation for the nation in order to run industries and serve domestic purposes, makes it critical for the nations in the Middle East to have a strong international banking system to conduct transactions across the globe accurately and effectively. Qatar is a growing nation in the Middle East with primary operations in oil and gas export as well increasing its potential in areas of development in technology focusing on IT and communication. The nation has efficient international operations and conducts financial transactions between western nations as well as with eastern nations. Since the take over of the gove rnment by H.H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa in 1995, the country is making tremendous progress in deploying its hydrocarbon resources in order to penetrate in the international market and present itself as a financially stable nation in the international market.Further to the increase in the international operations by the countries in the Middle East and the Far East, the Bank for International Settlements developed a framework to co-ordinate the international financial operations as well as create a portfolio for the capital measurement and capital standards which every nation involving in international banking operations is expected to adopt in order to stabilise and put in order the international transactions between countries. The Basel II accord produced by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision aims at achieving International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards. The arrangement aims to set a minimum standard to be met by its participating nations in order to achieve capital adequacy by the participating nations in the international market.This report aims at analysing the effects of Basel II accord on Qatars banking sector. The objectives of this report are stated belowTo analyse the Basel II accord and its framework for measuring capital adequacy in the nations participating in the international banking transaction.To investigate the banking sector of Qatar and the effect of Basel II accord on its international operations and capital adequacy.To analyse the effect of Basel II accord on the nations two major banks having international operations in Qatar namely, Qatar Industrial Development Bank (QIDB) and Commercial Bank of Qatar (CBQ) and to analyse the impact of Basel II Accord on the Banking Sector of Qatar.Report OutlineThe report comprises of the following chapters.Chapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter introduces the reader to the objectives of the report and presents a broad picture of the report to the reader.Chapter 2 Overview of Basel II AccordThis chapter presents with an overview of the Basel II accord. The three pillars of Basel II accord namely Minimum Capital Requirements, Supervisory Review Process and Market Discipline are analysed in detail to provide the reader with a detailed understanding of the consent of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.Chapter 3 Implications and Critical Analysis of Basel II AccordThe literature review on the Basel II Accord in chapter 2 is followed by the critical analysis and its implications on nations (business and political) are presented to the reader before proceeding to present the overview of the Qatar Banking sector. Chapter 4 Overview of Qatar and its Banking SectorThis chapter presents the reader with an overview of Qatar as a nation and its business operations in the International market. Alongside, the chapter analyses the countrys growth in the banking sector and its internationally active banks.Chapter 5 Case StudyThis chapter conducts a case study analys is on Qatars two internationally active banks namely Qatar Industrial Development Bank (QIDB) and Commercial Bank of Qatar (CBQ). The effect of Basel II accord on the banks along with an overview of the bank is presented to the reader. The data used to present the case study is primarily obtained from secondary sources like journals, reports and white papers. This is apparently due the fact that the analysis is conducted on a foreign nation as well as the data available from the secondary sources are also reliable as they are published by legitimate organizations and popular journals.Chapter 6 Results and DiscussionsThe results of the case study analysis and discussions are carried out in this chapter. This chapter aims to present a clearer picture to the reader on the effects of the Basel II accord on the banks analysed.Chapter 7 Conclusion and RecommendationsThe conclusions derived from the case results and discussions on the case study and the overall conclusion on the effect of Basel I accord on the Qatar Banking Sector is presented in this chapter. Alongside, this chapter presents a few constructive recommendations based on the results and discussion on the case study.Chapter 2 Overview of Basel II AccordThis chapter begins with an overview of the Bank for International Settlements followed by a detailed analysis of the Basel II accord. The Basel II committee is also analysed alongside in order to provide a deeper insight to the readers.2.1 Bank for International Settlements Overview and its OperationsThe Bank for International Settlements (Bank for International Settlements) is an international organization looking after international monetary and financial co-operation across the globe. This organization acts as the bank for all the central banks of countries participating in the international finance and banking.The Bank for International Settlements profile states that the bank achieves the aforementioned statement through acting asA forum to promote discussion and facilitate decision-making processes among central banks and within the international financial and supervisory community.A centre for economic and monetary researchA prime counter party for central banks in their financial transactions andAgent or trustee in connection with international financial operations.Established in 17th Many 1930, it is the oldest financial organization at the international level.The Bank for International Settlements has three major decision making bodies within the bank to achieve its mission. They areThe general meeting of member central banksThis meeting is held before the end of four months of the end of the banks annual financial year. The meeting addresses all the issues related to business and the member central banks gather to approve the annual financial statement released by the bank.The Board of DirectorsThe board of directors comprise the central bank governors elected from various participating countries. They monitor the overal l operation of the bank and take responsibility for actions to be taken and address issues related to disputes and other major international financial cross border problems.The Management CommitteeThe management committee is the first line representative of the Bank for International Settlements and addresses the day-to-day activities of the bank. This committee primarily manages the monetary and financial co-operation services. The services includeMeetingsApart from the Annual general meeting the Bank for International Settlements organizes meetings on a bimonthly basis. This meeting brings the member central banks together with the aim of monitoring the global economic and financial development and discusses issues on its policies in relation to the monetary and financial stability.Committees and SecretariatsBank for International Settlements has several committees to monitor specific problems and issues in the international finance and cross border loans. Alongside, several other committees and organizations focusing on international financial systems have their secretariats in the Bank for International Settlements and work closely with the bank in order to enhance the overall international banking and cross border finance.Basel committee of the Bank for International Settlements is the committee that laid the specifications for capital measurement and capital standard of the central banks participating in the international banking.Research and StatisticsIn order to support its meetings and the activities of the organizations Basel based committees the Bank for International Settlements carries out regular research on economic, monetary, financial and legal areas of the international banking and cross border finance.Investment services for central banksBank for International Settlements also provides security, liquidity and return for its central bank members. The three primary points with respect to this identified by the organization areTo provide securi ty, the Bank has built up a sizeable equity capital and ample reserves. It pursues an investment strategy focused on combining diversification benefits with intensive credit and market risk analysis.To ensure liquidity, the Bank stands ready to repurchase its tradable instruments at little cost to its customers and thus respond quickly and flexibly to their needs.The BIS offers an attractive and competitive return on the funds deposited by central banks and international organisationsThe Bank for International Settlements focuses on serving the financial needs of central banks of the member countries. Alongside, it also acts as a banker managing the funds for numerous international financial institutions.2.2 Basel committee OverviewThe Basel committee was established the member central banks of the Bank for International Settlements in order to create a standard for the international banking and capital framework for crass border finance and lending. The committee was initially set up in 1970 and meets regularly four times a year to discuss the progress in international banking and address issues related to business in this context.The member nations of the committee include Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States. The countrys central bank and financial institutions that are not active in banking commercially but monitor the financial operations of the nation both at national and international levels represent the nations. The committee does no possess any authority over its member nations banking systems and the decisions of the committee are never intended to have a legal force on its member nations.The Central bank governors of the Group ten countries endorse the committees major initiatives. Also the committee reports to the group ten countries central bank governors. The committee first proposed he capital measurement system in 1988 commonly referred to as B asel Capital Accord. The committee aims in supervising the international banking operations of the nations across the globe. The decisions of the committee endorsed by the group ten countries address various financial issues in the international market outside the groups as well.The major aim of the committee is the close the gaps in international supervisory coverage and to ensure that no foreign banking systems escapes the supervision in order to establish a harmony among the member nations of the Bank for International Settlements as well as in the international market.The committee has promoted supervisory standards in the past few years. Some of its major milestones include the following1997 Cover Principles for effective banking supervision 1999 Core Principles methodologyThe committee also presented the Basel II accord with revision on international capital framework. This aims to standardise the capital framework of every bank participating in the international banking as we ll as sets slabs for minimum capital holdings to be met by the banks in order to qualify for international operations.The committee has numerous subgroups to perform specific tasks of the committee in order to achieve the overall motto of the committee. They are listed belowAccord Implementation GroupAccounting Task ForceCapital GroupCapital Task ForceCore Principles Liaison Group (with 16 non-G10 countries)Cross-Border Banking GroupElectronic Banking GroupJoint Forum (with IAIS and IOSCO)Joint IOSCO BCBS Working Group on Trading BookResearch Task ForceRisk Management GroupSecuritisation GroupTransparency GroupThe next section provides a detailed analysis of the Basel II accord and its various implications on international banking is discussed in chapter 3.2.3 The Basel II AccordThe Basel II accord was released in June 2004 further to the release of the Basel Accord in 2003. The Basel II is a revised edition of the initial Basel capital accord. It is a framework designed to derive the capital holdings of internationally active banks to meet the international standards and sets a minimum level of capital holding which is a primary criteria for the banks. The Basel II framework is aimed to be applied on a consolidated basis over internationally active banks in order to preserve the integrity of capital in the banks with subsidiaries. Also the framework eliminates the double gearing through this approach.The Basel II accords framework is also applied on a fully consolidated basis on any parent holding company which acts as a parent entity within a banking group in order to capture the risk on a consolidated basis without missing any element that contributes considerably to the risk of the overall banking system.Alongside, the framework is also applicable to all internationally active banks at every tier of the banking group.Apart from the aforementioned statements one of the principal objectives of the Basel II Accord is to protect the interest of the depositors essentially to ensure that capital recognised capital adequacy measures is readily available for the depositors. Apparently, these measures are aimed to establish a common platform for international banking and cross border finance across the globe.The scope of application extends to the following segments of the international banking and finance entities.Banking, securities and other financial subsidiariesSignificant minority investments in banking securitiesInsurance entitiesSignificant investment in commercial entities.Deduction of investment pursuant to this partThe aforementioned entities are obtained from the Basel Committee report on International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards, published in June 2004. The Basel II accord overview is based on this report. The illustration in the fig 1 gives a clear picture of the overall scope of application of the Basel II accord.The Basel II accord is split into three pillars.The first Pillar Minimum Capital Requi rementsThe following subsections provide a detailed analysis on the elements shown in fig 2.2.4 The First PillarThe First pillar lays down the minimum capital requirements that every internationally active bank should incorporate. It is split into the following subsection.2.4.1 Calculation of Minimum capital requirementsThe minimum capital requirement is calculated as a measure of the capital ration. The capital ratio in turn is calculated using the regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets. The requirement of this criterion is that the capital ration must be a minimum of 8% or more in order to be eligible for the international activities. Also, in case of a two tier system the capital in tier 2 must not be greater than the tier 1 capital (i.e.) the tier 2 capital can be a maximum of 100% of the tier 1 capital. The capital is accounted from the following sources Regulatory capital The minimum accounting capital requirements for the financial institution encompasses the regulatory capital. The Basel II accord has withdrawn the provision to include general provisions in tire 2 capital, which was in effect in the 1988 Accord under the Internal Ratings-Based (IRB) approach. Furthermore the accord has lain down that the banks using the Internal Ratings Based approach to their other assets must compare the amount of total eligible provision with the total expected losses amount to the bank. This eventually increases the capital holding of the bank in order to meet the criteria.Risk Weighted Assets The Basel II Accord calculates the total risk-weighted assets by multiplying the capital requirement for market risk and operational risk by the reciprocal of the minimum capital ratio of 8% and adding the resulting value to the sum of risk weighted assets for credit risk. Even though this is subject to review the approach lays enormous burden on the bank to increase its minimum capital holdings. Apparently the Basel II Accord is aiming to establish that the internation ally active banks must have enough capital to meet its short comings without depending on loans and cross border finance to address its immediate requirements and short comings. The idea though being novel is very intense for the banks to maintain the required minimum capital.2.4.2 Credit Risk-The Standardised ApproachUnder this method the Basel committee provides the internationally active banks a choice for calculating their capital requirements for credit risk. The first approach is the standardised method of measuring the credit risk through support from external credit assessments. This method is approved by the Basel committee while the other method is yet to explicitly approved by the committee. Under the alternate method of calculating the credit risk, the bank supervisor can allow banks to use their internal rating systems for calculating the credit risk.Under both the methodologies one should not oversee the fact that the Basel committee is very keen in assessing the credi t risk on the capital holdings of the internationally active banks. Even though this is appreciated, the rules are very stringent making it very difficult for the banks for adopt easily.2.4.3 Credit Risk- Internal Ratings Based ApproachThe Basel II committee has given supervisory approval for banks to use the Internal Ratings-Based approach to determine their capital requirement for a given exposure subject to certain minimum conditions and disclosure requirements. The risk components considered includeMeasures of the probability of default (PD),Loss given default (LGD),The exposure at default (EAD),Effective maturity (M)The Basel II accord states that The Internal Ratings Based Approach is based on the measure of unexpected loses (UL) and Expected Loses (EL).Under the Internal Ratings Based Approach, the committee expects the bank to categories their exposures in order to identify the different underlying risk characteristics. The categories include corporate, sovereign, bank, reta il and equity. These are identified as the corporate asset classes and the approach further expects the bank to identify the subclasses associated with the asset classes in order to measure the credit risk associated with the exposure. The detailed analysis of every corporate class and its associated subclasses is beyond the scope of this report.In essence the Internal Ratings Based Approach gives the bank more liberty to calculate its credit-risk on the minimum capital requirement for a given exposure. But the producers laid by the Basel II Accord is very tedious to adopt and implement for every corporate class exposure and identifying the subclasses associated.2.4.4 Credit Risk- Securitisation FrameworkThe Basel Committee in its revised accord, has made it mandatory for the banks to apply the Securitisation Framework for determining regulatory capital requirements on exposure arising from traditional and synthetic Securitisation or similar structures that contain features common t o both. The Basel II accord also states that the capital treatment of the Securitisation exposure must be determined on the basis of the economic substance rather than the legal form of the structure. It is apparent that the securities can be structured in many different ways and the committee has approved the use of either the traditional Securitisation or the synthetic Securitisation framework. Also the Basel II accord expects the supervisor to look at the economic substance of transaction in order to determine whether it should be subject to Securitisation framework or not. This gives the discretionary power to the supervisor to decide on a specific transaction whether to include it in the framework or to eliminate it from the framework towards determining the regulatory capital framework. The traditional Securitisation and the synthetic Securitisation framework are discussed below.Traditional SecuritisationThe Basel II Accord defines the traditional framework as a structure wher e the cash flow from an underlying pool of exposures is used to service at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches reflecting different degrees of credit risk. The advantage with this approach is that the payment to the investors is based on the performance of the specified underlying exposures rather than a derivation from an obligation of the entity originating those exposures.Synthetic SecuritisationA synthetic Securitisation is a structure with at least two different stratified risk positions or tranches that reflect different degrees of credit risk where credit risk of an underlying pool of exposures is transferred, in whole or in part, through the use of funded (e.g. credit-linked notes) or un-funded (e.g. credit default swaps) credit derivatives or guarantees that serve to hedge the credit risk of the portfolio. This approach leaves the return to the investors in the hands of the performance of the underlying pool. Apparently, the risk associated is higher s ince the performance can be affected by numerous causes.From the above-mentioned approaches the Basel II accords stand for evaluating the capital and minimum capital requirements are evident.2.4.5 Operational RiskThe operational risk is defined by the Basel Committee as the risk associated with the loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems or external events. This includes the legal risk with the exclusion of strategic and reputational risk.The Basel II Accord has approved three methods for calculating the operational risk and risk sensitivity with the implications on minimum capital requirements. They are (i) The Basic indicator approach, (ii) the Standardised Approach and (iii) Advanced Measurement Approach.Basic Indicator ApproachIn this case the banks should hold capital for the operational risk equal to the average over the past three years of a fixed percentage. This is expressed as a formula below KBIA = (GI1n x ) Where KBIA = the capital c harge under the Basic Indicator Approach GI = annual gross income, where positive, over the previous three years n = number of the previous three years for which gross income is positive = 15%, which is set by the Committee, relating the industry wide level of required capital to the industry wide level of the indicator. This formula is obtained from the Basel II accord for the purpose of reader understanding.Standardised ApproachThe standardised approach divides the banks activities into eight-business lines namely corporate finance, trading sales, retail banking, commercial banking, payment settlement, agency services, asset management, and retail brokerage. The likelihood of operational risk exposure is calculated from the gross income associated with each business line that serves as an indicator for the scale of business operations by the bank in that specific area of business or business line. This approach is very clumsy since the gross income associated with the business line varies due to numerous reasons both internal and external.Advanced Measurement ApproachThe Advanced Measurement Approach equates the regulatory capital requirement with the risk measure generated by the banks internal operational risk measurement system using quantitative and qualitative criteria. The banks can use this method only after the approval by the Committee.The Basel II Accord sets the approach for the banks based on their international activity and significant operational risk exposures. Also, when a bank agrees to use a more sophisticated method, it cannot revert back to the easier method without approval from the supervisor. This eventually increases the burden on the banks to choose a sophisticated method.2.4.6 Trading Book IssuesThe final segment of the first pillar is the trading book. Basel Committee defines the trading book as a container of both the financial instruments and commodities held either with trading intent or in order to hedge other elements of th e trading book. The trading book forms a vital element for the bank since it is the record of the banks financial instruments as well as commodities. The Basel II Accord identifies four key principles for the supervisory process. They are listed below.The basic requirements for the eligibility to trading book capital treatment put forth by the Basel II Accord are as followsClearly documented trading strategy for the position/instrument or portfolios, approved by senior management (which would include expected holding horizon).Clearly defined policies and procedures for the active management of the positionClearly defined policy and procedures to monitor the positions against the banks trading strategy including the monitoring of turnover and stale positions in the banks trading book2.3 The Second Pillar- Supervisory Review ProcessBasel committee was initially set up for the supervising the internationally active banks and produce a common platform for the smooth transactions and cro ss border finance. The Basel II Accord has established Supervisory Process as one of the three pillars in order to emphasise its stand on supervisory process.The importance of supervisory process is described below.2.3.1 Importance of Supervisory ProcessThe supervisory review process of the Basel II Accord aims not only to ensure that banks have adequate capital to support all the risks in their business but also intends to encourage the banks to develop and use better risk management techniques in monitoring and managing risks. Alongside, the supervisory process by developing internal capital assessment process and setting capital targets that are commensurate with the banks risk profile recognises the importance for bank management in order to improve the atmosphere in the international banking and cross border finance.The Supervisory process evaluates the relationship between the amount of capital held by the bank against the risk, strength and effectiveness of the banks risk man agement eventually guiding the bank and supervising its activities in order to improve the performance of the banks in the international business market and cross border finance.2.3.2 Four Key Principles of the supervisory reviewThe four key principles identified by the Basel II Accord on the supervisory process is listed below. These principles emphasise on the committees focus on supervision and its aim to maintain harmony in the international banking and cross border finance.Principle 1 Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels.Principle 2Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal capital adequacy assessments and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory capital ratios. Supervisors should take appropriate supervisory action if they are not satisfied with the result of this process.Principle 3 Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the minimum.Principle 4 Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage to prevent capital from falling below the minimum levels required to support the risk characteristics of a particular bank and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not maintained or restored.2.3.3 Issues to be addressedThere are two specific issues to be addressed by the Supervisory-Review Process. They areInterest Rate Risk in the Banking bookSince it is clear that the Basel Committees

Sports Review Performance Strengths Weaknesses Areas For Improvement Health Essay

rollicks Review Performance Strengths Weaknesses Areas For Improvement healthyness EssayThink c atomic number 18fully about the formulas, skills and manoeuvres that you have been on the job(p)s on over the past 4-6 weeks, as a histrion and as an authoritative.StrengthsAreas for developmentGood foo devilrk because she was libertine to build back and move apace. This testament deed over her to be free for the next murmur.Dodging was correct as she was quick with her feet which sustained her be free so that she evoke accept a lummox passed to her.Catching was good as she didnt bring home the bacon it to go to the other frauds. This go forth put up her and her team to score more(prenominal) goals and stop her opponents from receiving the junkie.Shes needs to pass on tar take a crap because if she doesnt then the ball volition be lost to her opponents.Defence needs rectifyment. Needs to carry through eyes on the ball and jump for ball when needed.Needs to bar more when brooking. This go forth concede her and her team to stop the ball from being shot by the other team.Needs to modify on the power of her passes to her team because if the power of her passes is worn out or too strong then the team impostor wouldnt be commensurate to catch the ball. This will give the oppose team a chance.Needs to signal for the ball quickly when shes free. This performer that her opponent rule be able to know when shell be able to get the ball.Identify three ways in which their performance or familiarity has improved since starting the shape.1 clear-sighted the rules and technique when it comes to foo 2rk2 Knowing the technique used when passing and pip a ball.3 macrocosm able to dodge, attack and defend goodly.Give this performer three operation points that will help them improve their performance or experience in the future. Reference should be made to an appropriate Governing Body row if possible.1 To be able to improve her perfor mance, she needs to bend her knees and elbows similarly she needs to add more power when shooting the ball into the net. This will allow her to shoot more completedly when shes gain.2 To be able to improve her performance, she needs to intercept more and stay on her toes which will help her to move more easily and quickly. It will too allow her to stop her opponents receiving the ball.3 To be able to improve her performance, she needs to practice jumping and catching the ball whilst its being passed over her head to the opposing team. She also needs to practice her overhead passes.Any further comments on the course or the targets that you have set the performer.OWN PERFORMANCE brush up (P9, M5, D2)Review a sports performance.In the table below write downward(a) what you think your strengths and weaknesses atomic number 18.Think c arefully about the practices, skills and tactics that you have been working on over the past 4-6 weeks, as a histrion and as an functionary.Stren gthsAreas for developmentDefending the goal from the opposing team. This means that my team will have a better chance of winning the second.Dodging is good as I free myself quickly from the player marking me. This means that I able to receive the ball when I needed.My interception is good as I am quick and always have my eyes on the ball. This means that my opponents have a less chance of receiving the ball and/or winning the game.My defending is good as I am quick and always moving. This is an advantage to my team as I stop the opponents from scoring in our goal.Take time when shooting the ball. This means that my team and I will be able to gain more from it.Need to keep in mind what foot is my land foot so I can shoot easily as well as pivot.Be aware of the people around me when I receive the ball. This will allow me to pass to the appropriate player.Remember to spread legs when shooting. This allows my shooting to be more accurate.Identify three ways in which your performance o r knowledge has improved since starting the course.1 My defending skills have improved as I am able to stay on my toes allowing me to move quickly and easily.2 My shooting technique has improved and has allowed me to shoot more accurately.3 My footwork has improved because I move very(prenominal) quickly allowing me to intercept, attack and defend the ball/goal from the opponents.Give yourself three action points that will help you improve your performance or knowledge in the future. Reference should be made to an appropriate Governing Body course if possible.1 To be able improve my performance or knowledge in the future. I need to befuddle sure that when I receive the ball I am aware of all my team player and which team player is the best to pass the ball to.2 To be able to improve my performance or knowledge in the future. I need to switch sure I always remember the shooting technique whenever Im shooting the ball into the goal. This is so that I have a more accurate chance of scoring a goal.3 To be able to improve my performance or knowledge in the future. I need to make sure that I always stay with the player I am marking so that I can defend, attack or intercept the ball when I need to.Any further comments on the course or the targets that you have set yourself.RULES AND REGULATIONS WORKSHEET (P3, P4) application _______ ____________________Who is the Governing Body for this recreation what is there web site address?The England Netball is the Governing Body for this sport.http//www.englandnetball.co.uk/ appoint below 5 National Governing Body rules for this sport.a) A netball player essentialiness be able to pass or shoot the netball in 3 seconds after the ball is caught.b) When a netball player jumps to catch a ball she must land on one foot and that landing foot must not be moved at each time unless the player passes the ball shes holding.c) A netball player must not contact an opponent at whatsoever time in the game either by accident or delib erately in such a way that the game and/or the opponent is interrupted.d) Goal lash out or Goal Shooter are the only players in netball that are allowed to shoot the ball. In order for these players to shoot they must be in the circle.e) A netball player is offside when the player moves out of their designated area with or without a netball.What are the timing regulations associated with this sport?All netball shooter must be able to shown within 3 seconds.Netball players must also pass the netball with 3 seconds.In the infinite below draw a plot of the performing area, with important limitedationshttp//www.abcteach.com/basicshapes/images/semici4.gifGoalGoalDraw two hand signals in the space below that officials may use in this sport.http//www.abcteach.com/basicshapes/images/semici4.gifObstruction The players hands are apart and are positioned in front of their body.Direction of Pass The Umpires ramp up will be pointed in the direction the netball is to be played.Briefly pa rdon how a competitive goal is scored in this sport.C has the play passes it to WA who passes it to the GA, then the netball is passed to the GS. The GS then shoots the ball into the net.Explain below 4 health safety issues concerned with the game this could be linked to injury/substitution, antifertility equipment, playing surface, ground design/surveillance.a) The end of the netball goalposts must be embellish so that the netball players can run around the court without injuring themselves or colliding with other playersb) Netball players must be all perform a small fittingness exam so that coaches, officials and other team members are sure that the players are fit enough to play the games.c) Stretcher, first aid kits as well as a qualified first aid personnel must be available at the game to ensure that if an injury occurs it can be treated immediately.d) Remove all courtside happenings also examine the playing field to make sure all hazards on the court is remove and the court must be brinytained as a hazard free playing surface.Briefly explain the sanctions applied to players for strange behavior (e.g. the use of red yellow cards in football)A ceremonious warning is first given to a player who demonstrates inappropriate behaviour. If the player shows other signs of inappropriate behaviour the Umpire will take any actions they feel is appropriate for the player. This could be the players suspension from the game. If the player still demonstrates inappropriate behaviour the Umpire may order the player from the netball court and the player wont be able to take part in last out of the game.An Umpire can only suspend a player if the express player has been given a warning.9. How effective do you think the rules and regulations are within this sport?I think the rules and regulations for Netball are very effective as it makes Netball a competitively fun sport to play and also it makes the sport one of the safest sports.Also, I think the rule and re gulations are effective as it makes the game fair and strict as well as challenging.Would you experience any further rules or regulations to improve the game, or make it more exciting?No.OBSERVATION OF AN OFFICIAL (P5, P6)Observe an official in a game situation. This can de done during a lesson, watching a video or a live match outside of school. fun FixtureName of Official DateList three roles of the official123Attempt to judge their performance in making the correct decisions against identified rules and regulations (please tick)RULE/REGULATION CORRECT haywireDid the official control the game?Analyse the performance of the official.What mark would you give him/her /10? (1 = inept, 6 = competent, 10 = outstanding)Comparison of officialsNow watch an official in action in another sport. Compare the two officials from the two sports. Are there any differences in their roles? How they are treated by players/coaches? How they deal with difficult situations? How fit they have to be? An swer in the box below.Differences between the officials in two sportsSport 1 Netball Sport 2 hoopsIn Netball there are two umpires, two scorers and two timekeepers are the officials. The umpires are the main officials in netball.Whilst, in Basketball there are either 2 or 3 officials. The main official is the referee and the others are the official scorer and official timekeeper.In Netball, the officials use hand signals and whistles to keep the game safe, make sure the players play along the rules and also to make sure that it is played safely.However, in Basketball is very rare for officials to use hand signals. Most whistles are used throughout the game.TACTICS WORKSHEET (M1, D1)ACTIVITY _______ ____________________ line and illustrate a defensive tactic that you would use in your sport e.g. zone defence in Basketball.Describe and illustrate an attacking tactic that you would use in your sport e.g. flying break in Basketball.Justify the use of these two tactics, giving specific examples. (D1)Identify areas for further improvement.OBSERVATION CHECKLIST (P7)ACTIVITY _______ ____________________Use this space to reach an observation checklist. scientific disciplineSuccessful empty-handedPercentagePassingCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary net profit FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary lucre FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.png100%Successful0% unrewardedShooting0%Successful0%UnsuccessfulCatchingCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsT emporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png80%Successful20%UnsuccessfulInterceptionhttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png0%Successful0%UnsuccessfulSkillSuccessfulUnsuccessfulPercentageFootworkCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png75%Successful25%UnsuccessfulShootingCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesConte nt.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png50%Successful50%UnsuccessfulDefendingCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png60%Successful40%UnsuccessfulInterceptionCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.I E5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pngCDocuments and Settingsghanj007.315Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5FN4J2YRXMC9004326011.pnghttp//www.clker.com/cliparts/a/6/e/8/119498563188281957tasto_8_architetto_franc_01.svg.med.png75%Successful25%UnsuccessfulOBSERVATION CHECKLIST (M3, P8, P9)ACTIVITY _______ ____________________Use this space to produce your own observation checklist.Use the checklist to suss out the sports performance of an individual or a team and identify areas of strengths or improvement